Iks
Maharani Shree nandkuvarba mahila art's and commers college
Name:- Goswami Riddhi Prakashpari.
Subject:- English
Year :- T.Y.b.a. english
Student sign:-
Paper name:- Iks
Teacher name:- Rachana ma'am
Teacher sign:-
Submission date:-9-9-25
Topic:- Rasa theory
Dhwani theory
Vakrokti
Class assignment :-
Home assignment:-
=) Dhawani theory
=)Introduction of dhwani theory:-
The Dhvani Theory is one of the most influential concepts in Indian poetics, first propounded by the great Sanskrit literary critic Ānandavardhana in his seminal work Dhvanyāloka (9th century CE). The word dhvani literally means sound or resonance, but in poetics, it refers to the suggestive power of language — the meaning that goes beyond the literal (denotation) and the implied (secondary sense).
Ānandavardhana argued that the essence of poetry lies not merely in its literal meaning (abhidhā) or figurative sense (lakṣaṇā), but in its suggested meaning (vyañjanā), which creates a deeper aesthetic experience (rasa). This suggestion, or dhvani, gives poetry its emotional depth, beauty, and universality.
The theory shifted the focus of literary criticism from mechanical rules of composition to the emotional and aesthetic impact of literature. By emphasizing suggestion, Ānandavardhana showed that the soul of poetry (kāvya-ātman) lies in what is not directly said, but what is evoked in the reader’s mind and heart.
Thus, Dhvani Theory marks a turning point in Sanskrit poetics, establishing that true poetry communicates more through resonance and subtle suggestion than through direct statement.
=)Definition of dhwani theory:-
Dhvani Theory is a literary theory of Sanskrit poetics given by Ānandavardhana in his work Dhvanyāloka. According to it, the essence of poetry lies not in the direct meaning (denotation) of words, but in their suggested meaning (dhvani – resonance or suggestion). This suggestion goes beyond the literal sense and expresses deeper emotions, moods (rasa), and ideas, which create the true beauty of poetry.
Dhvani Theory = the theory of poetic suggestion, where the hidden or implied meaning is more important than the explicit meaning of words.
=)Types of dhawani theory:-
Abhidha:-
Definition: Abhidha means the direct, primary or literal meaning of a word or sentence.
It is the first level of meaning that arises when we hear or read a word.
Example:
The word “lotus” (padma) → by abhidha it simply means the flower lotus.
In ordinary speech, communication mostly stops at abhidha.
Lakshana:-
Definition: Lakṣaṇā is the process of transferring meaning from the primary sense (mukhya artha) to a related secondary sense (lakṣya artha), especially when the literal meaning is impossible or unsuitable.
It is a figurative usage of words.
It prepares the ground for Dhvani (suggestion), because without Lakṣaṇā, many poetic meanings cannot arise.
Vyanjana:-
The term vyañjanā means “suggestion” (from the root vyañj = to manifest/reveal).
In Dhvani theory, vyañjanā is the third function of words (after abhidhā = denotation and lakṣaṇā = indication).
It is through vyañjanā that the hidden, deeper, aesthetic sense (dhvani) is revealed.
=) Types of poetry:-
Chitra kavya (Poetry of Denotation):-
Here the beauty lies only in the literal meaning of words.
No deeper suggestion (dhvani) is present.
Example: Simple descriptive poetry where words mean exactly what they say.
Gunibhutvyangy kavyA(Poetry with Secondary Suggestion):-
The main focus is on literal meaning, but along with it some suggestive meaning also shines.
Suggestion is present, but it is secondary.
Example: When words describe love, but also faintly suggest devotion to God.
Dhwani kavya (Poetry of Suggestion / Pure Dhvani):-
This is the highest form of poetry, where suggestion is the soul.
The suggested meaning (vyañjana) dominates, while literal meaning becomes background.
Example: In a verse describing moonlight, the real suggestion may be the mood of love or longing.
Vastu-dhvani (Suggestion of Idea/Theme):-
Suggests a thought, fact, or idea not directly expressed.
Alaṅkāra-dhvani (Suggestion of Figure of Speech):-
Suggests a rhetorical ornament (like simile, metaphor, irony) beyond the literal.
Rasa-dhvani (Suggestion of Sentiment/Emotion):-
Suggests rasa (aesthetic emotion such as love, heroism, pathos, etc.).
Considered the highest and purest form of poetry.
=) types of dhwani:-
Vivkshitaangaparavachya Dhvani
Definition:
When the expressed (vācya) meaning of words is deliberately intended (vivikṣita), but still it points to a deeper suggested sense (dhvani), it is called Vivikṣitāṅgaparavācya Dhvani.
In simple words:
The literal meaning is not rejected; it is accepted as valid, but beyond it, another suggested meaning arises which becomes the soul of poetry.
Example:
A poet writes about the moon rising in the night sky.
Expressed meaning (vācya): The moon is shining.
Suggested meaning (dhvani): It may symbolize the face of the beloved, or peace in darkness, or divine grace.
Here, the expressed sense (moon shining) is kept, but it leads to a deeper poetic suggestion.
Vivkshitaangaparavachya have two types samlakshya karma vyangya have three types udhayshkti moola,shabdhshkti mool, arthashkti mool arthashkti mool have two types vastu dhwani, alankar dhwani. asmalakshya karma vyangya have rasa dhawani.
AvivkshitavachyaDhvani (contrast):-
When the expressed meaning is not intended at all (avivikṣita) and only the suggested sense is important, then it is Avivikṣitavācya Dhvani.
Example: Saying "He is a lion" — here, the literal meaning (man = lion) is not intended; only the suggestion (bravery) matters.
AvivkshitavachyaDhvani have three types arthantasa,sankramita,atyant tirisakrit.
Here, some dhwani theory.
Essay
=) Introduction of vakrokti:-
Vakrokti is a classical Sanskrit literary theory primarily formulated by Kuntaka, a 10th–11th century scholar. The term "Vakrokti" literally means “oblique expression” or “indirect speech.” Kuntaka proposed that the essence of poetic beauty lies in the creative and artistic deviation from ordinary, plain language—in other words, the unique way a poet expresses an idea makes poetry aesthetically pleasing.
=) Definition of vakrokti:-
Kuntaka defines Vakrokti as the manifestation of beauty in speech through obliqueness or deviation from ordinary language. It is this deviation that gives poetry its charm and artistic value.
Importance: Vakrokti theory emphasizes that poetic beauty is in the expression, not merely in content. It paved the way for later developments in Indian aesthetics and influenced the study of Rīti (style) and Alaṅkāra (figures of speech).
=) Types of vakrokti :-
=)Varṇavakrokti (Phonetic/Word-level Vakrokti):-
Definition: This occurs at the level of individual words or sounds.
Example: Using unusual, rare, or aesthetically pleasing words, alliterations, or sound patterns.
Effect: It makes the expression melodious, striking, or unique.
=) Padavakrokti (Word-choice Vakrokti):-
Definition: This arises from the choice of particular words or phrases to express an idea.
Example: Using a metaphor, pun, or an uncommon word to convey an idea.
Effect: Elevates the aesthetic charm of the expression.
=) Vākya-vakrokti (Sentence-level Vakrokti):-
Definition: The stylistic beauty created at the sentence or proposition level.
Example: Reversals, unusual syntactic arrangements, or surprising sentence structures.
Effect: Gives freshness and intellectual delight to the sentence.
=) Padaparardha vakrokti (Stylistic/Phonemic Pattern Vakrokti):-
Definition: Beauty arising from sound patterns like rhyme, alliteration, or meter.
Effect: Creates euphony and rhythm, enhancing poetic appeal.
=) prabandh vakrokti (Meaning-level Vakrokti):-
Definition: Stylistic innovation at the level of meaning.
Example: Using indirect expressions, metaphors, allegories, or double meanings (shlesha).
Effect: Engages the intellect of the reader by presenting familiar ideas in a fresh way.
=)Prakrana Vakrokti (Contextual/Stylistic Vakrokti):-
Definition: Stylistic beauty arising from the context, situation, or sentiment.
Effect: The expression becomes vivid and appropriate for the mood or rasa of the poetry.
=) Marg , riti of vakrokti:-
Sukumar, vichitr,ubhyatmak
Here, some vakrokti
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